Publications
2026
Jieyu Zhou, Aryan Roy, Sneh Gupta, Daniel Weitekamp, Christopher J. MacLellan (2026). When Should Users Check? A Decision-Theoretic Model of Confirmation Frequency in Multi-Step AI Agent Tasks. Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
Zekun Wang, Anant Gupta, Zihan Dong, Christopher J. MacLellan (2026). Avoid Catastrophic Forgetting with Rank-1 Fisher from Diffusion Models. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations.
Jennifer Reddig, Scott Moon, Kaitlyn Crutcher, Christopher J. MacLellan (2026). AI Unplugged: Embodied Interactions for AI Literacy in Higher Education. Proceedings of The 16th Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence.
Nicki Barari, Xin Lian, Christopher J. MacLellan (2026). Robust Incremental Learning of Visual Concepts without Catastrophic Forgetting. Cognitive Systems Research.
2025
Zekun Wang, Ethan Haarer, Tianyi Zhu, Zhiyi Dai, Christopher J. MacLellan (2025). Deep Taxonomic Networks for Unsupervised Hierarchical Prototype Discovery. Proceedings of Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems.
Ziyu Li, Noor Hammad, Qiao Zhang, Chunyi Wang, Erik Harpstead (2025). Vertical Farm: A Unified Testbed to Address Challenges in Human-Agent Teaming Research. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction.
Qiao Zhang, Chunyi Wang, Christopher J. MacLellan (2025). (A)I Can Play Gomoku: An Intelligent Tutoring System for Strategic Games. Companion Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play.
Qiao Zhang, Glen Smith, Ziyu Li, Yuxuan Dong, Erik Harpstead, Christopher J. MacLellan (2025). Dice Adventure: An Asymmetrical Collaborative Game for Exploring the Hybrid Teaming Effects. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games. 🏆 Best Paper Award
Daniel Weitekamp, Christopher J. MacLellan, Erik Harpstead, Kenneth Koedinger (2025). Decomposed Inductive Procedure Learning: Learning Academic Tasks with Human-Like Data Efficiency. Proceedings of the 47th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.
Daniel Weitekamp, Momin Siddiqui, Christopher J. MacLellan (2025). TutorGym: A Testbed for Evaluating AI Agents as Tutors and Students. Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education.
Zekun Wang, Ethan Haarer, Nicki Barari, Christopher J. MacLellan (2025). Taxonomic Networks: A Representation for Neuro-Symbolic Pairing. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Neuro-symbolic Systems.
Christopher J. MacLellan (2025). Model Human Learners: Computational Models to Guide Instructional Design. Proceedings of the 47th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.
Adit Gupta, Jennifer Reddig, Tommaso Calò, Daniel Weitekamp, Christopher J. MacLellan (2025). Beyond Final Answers: Evaluating Large Language Models for Math Tutoring. Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education.
Jieyu Zhou, Shen Rui, Yue You, Carl DiSalvo, Lynn Dombrowski, Christopher J. MacLellan (2025). Improving Public Service Chatbot Design and Civic Impact: Investigation of Citizens' Perceptions of a Metro City 311 Chatbot. Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference.
Siheng Xiong, Zhangding Liu, Jieyu Zhou, Yuzhang Su (2025). Deliberate Planning in Language Models with Symbolic Representation. Poster Collection of the Twelfth Annual Conference on Advances in Cognitive Systems.
Daniel Weitekamp (2025). CORGI: Efficient Pattern Matching With Quadratic Guarantees. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Conference on Advances in Cognitive Systems.
Glen Smith, Christopher J. MacLellan (2025). L.E.A.R.N: A Hybrid Architecture for Language-Guided Induction of Hierarchical Task Networks. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Conference on Advances in Cognitive Systems.
Anant Gupta, Karthik Singaravadivelan, Zekun Wang (2025). Hierarchical Semantic Retrieval with Cobweb. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Conference on Advances in Cognitive Systems.
Nicki Barari, Edward Kim, Christopher J. MacLellan (2025). Explaining Robustness to Catastrophic Forgetting Through Incremental Concept Formation. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Conference on Advances in Cognitive Systems.
Qiao Zhang, Christopher J. MacLellan (2025). Think and Play: Designing and Evaluating Human-AI Teaming Dynamics in Gaming Environments. Proceedings of the 2025 AAAI Symposium Series.
Leon Lange, Qiao Zhang, Christopher J. MacLellan, Ying Wu (2025). Training Humans for Robust Human-Agent Teaming: Knowing When to Engage with an AI Partner. Proceedings of the 2025 AAAI Symposium Series.
Jennifer Reddig, Arav Arora, Christopher J. MacLellan (2025). Generating in-context, personalized feedback for intelligent tutors with large language models. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education.
Xin Lian, Zekun Wang, Christopher J. MacLellan (2025). Efficient and Scalable Masked Word Prediction Using Concept Formation. Cognitive Systems Research.
2024
Ying Wu, Leon Lange, Jacob Yenney, Qiao Zhang, Erik Harpstead (2024). Scaffolded versus Self-Paced Training for Human-Agent Teams. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction.
Jieyu Zhou, Christopher J. MacLellan (2024). Improving Interface Design in Interactive Task Learning for Hierarchical Tasks based on a Qualitative Study. Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST Adjunct 2024).
Qiao Zhang (2024). Working with My TeammAItes: Exploring Human-AI Teaming Dynamics through Gaming Environments. 19th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games.
Ximing Wen, Rosina O. Weber, Anik Sen, Darryl Hannan, Steven C. Nesbit, Vincent Chan, Alberto Goffi, Michael J. Morris, John C. Hunninghake, Nicholas E. Villalobos, Edward Kim, Christopher J. MacLellan (2024). The Impact of an XAI-Augmented Approach on Binary Classification with Scarce Data. Proceedings of the XAI 2024 Workshop @ IJCAI.
Momin Siddiqui, Adit Gupta, Jennifer Reddig, Christopher J. MacLellan (2024). HTN-Based Tutors: A New Intelligent Tutoring Framework Based on Hierarchical Task Networks. Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale.
Xin Lian, Sashank Varma, Christopher J. MacLellan (2024). Cobweb: An Incremental and Hierarchical Model of Human-Like Category Learning. Proceedings of the 46th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.
Tommaso Calò, Christopher J. MacLellan (2024). Towards Educator-Driven Tutor Authoring: Generative AI Approaches for Creating Intelligent Tutor Interfaces. Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale.
Grace Guo, Aishwarya Mudgal Sunil Kumar, Adit Gupta, Adam Coscia, Christopher J. MacLellan, Alex Endert (2024). Visualizing Intelligent Tutor Interactions for Responsive Pedagogy. Proceedings of the 2024 International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces.
Nicki Barari, Xin Lian, Christopher J. MacLellan (2024). Avoiding Catastrophic Forgetting in Visual Classification Using Human Concept Formation. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference on Advances in Cognitive Systems.
Lane Lawley, Christopher J. MacLellan (2024). VAL: Interactive Task Learning with GPT Dialog Parsing. Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
Darryl Hannan, Steven C. Nesbit, Ximing Wen, Glen Smith, Qiao Zhang, Alberto Goffi, Vincent Chan, Michael J. Morris, John C. Hunninghake, Nicholas E. Villalobos, Edward Kim, Rosina O. Weber, Christopher J. MacLellan (2024). Interpretable Models for Detecting and Monitoring Elevated Intracranial Pressure. Proceedings of The 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI).
Glen Smith, Adit Gupta, Christopher J. MacLellan (2024). Apprentice Tutor Builder: A Platform For Users to Create and Personalize Intelligent Tutors. arXiv preprint.
2023
Qiao Zhang (2023). Understanding Human-AI Teaming Dynamics through Gaming Environments. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment.
Lane Lawley, Christopher J. MacLellan (2023). Interactive Learning of Hierarchical Tasks from Dialog with GPT. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.10349.
Erik Harpstead, Kimberly Stowers, Lane Lawley, Qiao Zhang, Christopher J. MacLellan (2023). Speculative Game Design of Asymmetric Cooperative Games to Study Human-Machine Teaming. Proceedings of The First Workshop on Human-AI Interaction through Play @ FDG 2023.
Darryl Hannan, Steven C. Nesbit, Ximing Wen, Glen Smith, Qiao Zhang, Alberto Goffi, Vincent Chan, Michael J. Morris, John C. Hunninghake, Nicholas E. Villalobos, Edward Kim, Rosina O. Weber, Christopher J. MacLellan (2023). MobilePTX: Sparse Coding for Pneumothorax Detection Given Limited Training Examples. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence.
Christopher J. MacLellan, Kimberly Stowers, Lisa Brady (2023). Evaluating Alternative Training Interventions Using Personalized Computational Models of Learning. Advances in Cognitive Systems.
2022
Qiao Zhang, Zeyu Chen, Natasha Lalwani, Christopher J. MacLellan (2022). Modifying Deep Knowledge Tracing for Multi-step Problems. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Educational Data Mining.
Qiao Zhang, Christopher J. MacLellan (2022). (A)I Will Teach You to Play Gomoku: Exploring the Use of Game AI to Teach People. Proceedings of the Ninth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale.
Christopher J. MacLellan, Peter Matsakis, Pat Langley (2022). Efficient Induction of Language Models via Probabilistic Concept Formation. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference on Advances in Cognitive Systems.
Glen Smith, Qiao Zhang, Christopher J. MacLellan (2022). Do it Like the Doctor: How We Can Design a Model That Uses Domain Knowledge to Diagnose Pneumothorax. Proceedings of the AAAI 2022 Spring Symposium on Machine Learning and Knowledge Engineering for Hybrid Intelligence (AAAI-MAKE 2022).
Michael Guerzhoy, Marion Neumann, Emmanuel Johnson, David Johnson, Henry Chai, Daniel Garijo, Zhuoyue Lyu, Christopher J. MacLellan (2022). EAAI-22 Blue Sky Ideas in Artificial Intelligence Education from the AAAI/ACM SIGAI New and Future AI Educator Program. AI Matters.
2021
Qiao Zhang, Christopher J. MacLellan (2021). Going Online: A Simulated Student Approach for Evaluating Knowledge Tracing in the Context of Mastery Learning. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Educational Data Mining.
Christopher J. MacLellan, Adit Gupta (2021). Learning Expert Models for Educationally Relevant Tasks using Reinforcement Learning. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Educational Data Mining.
Christopher J. MacLellan, Harshil Thakur (2021). Convolutional Cobweb: A Model of Incremental Learning from 2D Images. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference on Advances in Cognitive Systems.
Qiao Zhang, Christopher J. MacLellan (2021). Investigating Knowledge Tracing Models using Simulated Students. Proceedings of the AAAI 2021 Spring Symposium on Artificial Intelligence for K-12 Education.
Adit Gupta, Christopher J. MacLellan (2021). Designing Teachable Systems for Intelligent Tutor Authoring. Proceedings of the AAAI 2021 Spring Symposium on Artificial Intelligence for K-12 Education.
Kimberly Stowers, Lisa Brady, Christopher J. MacLellan, Ryan Wohleber, Eduardo Salas (2021). Improving Teamwork Competencies in Human-Machine Teams: Perspectives from Team Science. Frontiers in Psychology.
2020
Christopher J. MacLellan, Kenneth R. Koedinger (2020). Domain General Tutor Authoring with Apprentice Learner Models. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education.
Christopher J. MacLellan, Kimberly Stowers, Lisa Brady (2020). Optimizing Human Performance using Individualized Computational Models of Learning. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference on Advances in Cognitive Systems.
2019
Daniel Weitekamp, Erik Harpstead, Napol Rachatasumrit, Christopher J. MacLellan, Kenneth R. Koedinger (2019). Toward Near Zero-Parameter Prediction Using a Computational Model of Student Learning. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Educational Data Mining.
Christopher J. MacLellan, Erik Harpstead, Rob Sheline (2019). A Human-Centered Approach to Designing Teachable Systems. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Workshop - Where is the Human? Bridging the Gap Between AI and HCI.
Erik Harpstead, Christopher J. MacLellan (2019). Visualizing the Solution Space of Educational Games using Trestle. Companion Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Learning Analytics & Knowledge.
Erik Harpstead, Christopher J. MacLellan, Daniel Weitekamp, Kenneth R. Koedinger (2019). The Use of Simulated Learners in Adaptive Education. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Artificial Intelligence + Adaptive Education.
2018
Rob Sheline, Christopher J. MacLellan (2018). Investigating Machine-Learning Interaction with Wizard-of-Oz Experiments. Proceedings of the NeurIPS 2018 Workshop on Learning by Instruction.
Devendra Singh Chaplot, Christopher J. MacLellan, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Kenneth R. Koedinger (2018). Learning Cognitive Models using Neural Networks. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education.
Erik Harpstead, Christopher J. MacLellan, Robert P. Marinier, Kenneth R. Koedinger (2018). Towards Natural Cognitive System Training Interactions: A Preliminary Framework. Proceedings of the AAAI 2018 Spring Symposium on the User Experience of Artificial Intelligence.
Christopher J. MacLellan, Erik Harpstead, Kenneth R. Koedinger (2018). A Framework for Natural Cognitive System Training Interactions. Advances in Cognitive Systems.
2017
Christopher J. MacLellan (2017). Computational Models of Human Learning: Applications for Tutor Development, Behavior Prediction, and Theory Testing. Doctoral Dissertation, Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University.
2016
Christopher J. MacLellan, Erik Harpstead, Rony Patel, Kenneth R. Koedinger (2016). The Apprentice Learner Architecture: Closing the Loop between Learning Theory and Educational Data. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Educational Data Mining. 🏆 Exemplary Paper Award
Christopher J. MacLellan (2016). Investigating the Impact of Slipping Parameters on Additive Factors Model Parameter Estimates. Proceedings of the Workshop and Tutorial Proceedings of EDM 2016.
Layla Unger, Anna V. Fisher, Rebecca Nugent, Samuel L. Ventura, Christopher J. MacLellan (2016). Developmental Changes in the Semantic Organization. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology.
Christopher J. MacLellan, Erik Harpstead, Vincent Aleven, Kenneth R. Koedinger (2016). TRESTLE: A Model of Concept Formation in Structured Domains. Advances in Cognitive Systems.
Christopher J. MacLellan (2016). Apprentice Learner Architecture: A Framework for Modeling Human Learning from Demonstrations and Feedback in Digital Environments. Proceedings of the Students of Cognitive Systems Workshop at the Fourth Annual Conference on Advances in Cognitive Systems.
2015
Caitlin Tenison, Christopher J. MacLellan (2015). The Impact of Instructional Intervention and Practice on Help-Seeking Strategies within an ITS. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Educational Data Mining.
Christopher J. MacLellan, Ran Liu, Kenneth R. Koedinger (2015). Accounting for Slipping and Other False Negatives in Logistic Models of Student Learning. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Educational Data Mining.
Christopher J. MacLellan, Erik Harpstead, Eliane Stampfer Weise, Mengfan Zou, Noboru Matsuda, Vincent Aleven, Kenneth R. Koedinger (2015). Authoring Tutors with Complex Solutions: A Comparative Analysis of Example Tracing and SimStudent. Workshop Proceedings of AIED 2015.
Kenneth R. Koedinger, Noboru Matsuda, Christopher J. MacLellan, Elizabeth A. McLaughlin (2015). Methods for Evaluating Simulated Learners: Examples from SimStudent. Workshop Proceedings of AIED 2015.
Erik Harpstead, Christopher J. MacLellan, Vincent Aleven (2015). Discovering Knowledge Models in an Open-Ended Educational Game using Concept Formation. Workshop Proceedings of AIED 2015.
Christopher J. MacLellan (2015). Assessing the Creativity of Designs at Scale. Proceedings of the 2015 ACM SIGCHI Conference on Creativity and Cognition.
Christopher J. MacLellan, Erik Harpstead, Vincent Aleven, Kenneth R. Koedinger (2015). TRESTLE: Incremental Learning in Structured Domains using Partial Matching and Categorization. Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference on Advances in Cognitive Systems.
Erik Harpstead, Christopher J. MacLellan, Vincent Aleven, Brad A. Myers (2015). Replay Analysis in Open-Ended Educational Games. Serious Game Analytics: Methodologies for Performance Measurement, Assessment, and Improvement.
Mahmoud Dinar, Andreea Danielescu, Christopher J. MacLellan, Jamie J. Shah, Pat Langley (2015). Problem Map: An Ontological Framework for a Computational Study of Problem Formulation in Engineering Design. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering.
2014
Layla Unger, Anna V. Fisher, Christopher J. MacLellan (2014). Developmental Changes in the Semantic Organization of Living Kinds. Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society.
Caitlin Tenison, Christopher J. MacLellan (2014). Modeling Strategy Use in an Intelligent Tutoring System: Implications for Strategic Flexibility. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems.
Christopher J. MacLellan, Kenneth R. Koedinger, Noboru Matsuda (2014). Authoring Tutors with SimStudent: An Evaluation of Efficiency and Model Quality. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems.
Christopher J. MacLellan, Eliane Stampfer Wiese, Noboru Matsuda, Kenneth R. Koedinger (2014). SimStudent: Improving Tutor Quality and Reducing Authoring Costs. Workshop Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems.
Christopher J. MacLellan, Eliane Stampfer Wiese, Noboru Matsuda, Kenneth R. Koedinger (2014). SimStudent: Authoring Expert Models by Tutoring. Proceedings of the Second Annual GIFT Users Symposium.
Erik Harpstead, Christopher J. MacLellan, Vincent Aleven, Brad A. Myers (2014). Using Extracted Features to Inform Alignment-Driven Design Ideas in an Educational Game. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
Erik Harpstead, Christopher J. MacLellan, Vincent Aleven, Kenneth R. Koedinger (2014). Using Data to Explore the Differences between Instructional Vision and Student Performance. Proceedings of the Learning Innovations at Scale CHI 2014 Workshop.
2013
Christopher J. MacLellan, Noboru Matsuda, Kenneth R. Koedinger (2013). Toward a Reflective SimStudent: Using Experience to Avoid Generalization Errors. Proceedings of the AIED 2013 Workshop on Simulated Learners.
Erik Harpstead, Christopher J. MacLellan, Kenneth R. Koedinger, Vincent Aleven, Steven P. Dow, Brad A. Myers (2013). Investigating the Solution Space of an Open-Ended Educational Game Using Conceptual Feature Extraction. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Educational Data Mining.
Christopher J. MacLellan, Pat Langley, Jamie Shah, Mahmoud Dinar (2013). A Computational Aid for Problem Formulation in Early Conceptual Design. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering.
Pat Langley, Miranda Emery, Michael Barley, Christopher J. MacLellan (2013). An Architecture for Flexible Problem Solving. Proceedings of the ACS 2013 Workshop on Metacognition in Situated Agents.
2012
Andreea Danielescu, Mahmoud Dinar, Christopher J. MacLellan (2012). The Structure of Creative Design: What Problem Maps Can Tell Us about Problem Formulation and Creative Designers. Proceedingsof the ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences.
Mahmoud Dinar, Christopher J. MacLellan, Andreea Danielescu, Jamie Shah (2012). Beyond Function-Behavior-Structure. Design Computing and Cognition '12.
Christopher J. MacLellan, Pat Langley, Collin Walker (2012). A Generative Theory of Problem Solving. Proceedings of the First Conference on Advances in Cognitive Systems: Poster Collection.
2011
Christopher J. MacLellan (2011). An Elaboration Account of Insight. Proceedings of the 2011 AAAI Fall Symposium on Advances in Cognitive Systems.
2010
Melissa Wiederrecht, Christopher J. MacLellan, Ruben Gamboa (2010). Reasoning about DrScheme Programs in ACL2. Trends in Functional Programming.